Tabernanthe iboga (black beetle, sacred wood, sacred wood) is an apocynacious ibogaine shrub that grows in west-central Africa. Its main psychoactive compound is ibogaine, a hallucinogenic alkaloid containing monoterpene extracted from the root bark of the plant [129]. The active ingredients in Kanna are memembrine, meembrénon, meembrenol and tortuosamine, which act mainly via CCK1 receptors. These receptors help control the release of endorphins and dopamine, both of which are involved in the brain`s response to pleasure. This is probably the plant`s mechanism of action to induce euphoria and mental alertness. It appears that alkaloid content may change depending on geographic area, plant growth phases, and seasons [89, 90]. Mitragyne has been shown to act as an agonist on mu (μ), kappa (κ) and delta (δ) opioid receptors in the central nervous system, resulting in depressing effects similar to those of opioids, but with a lower intensity (about 26% compared to morphine); However, since its structure does not resemble components of the opioid family, it has been suggested that mitragyne may have broader receptor-binding activity [91]. Since mitragyne has only mild opioid effects, it has been suggested that 7-hydroxymitragynine also contributes to the properties of the plant. This alkaloid is very potent and has an affinity approximately 13 and 46 times higher for opioid receptors (especially μ receptors) than morphine or mitragynine [91]. Peyote is a cactus that contains mescaline, one of the most well-known and unlegal psychedelics.
The Native American Church uses the sacred plant in many of its practices. Although the U.S. government tried to ban indigenous rituals with peyote, but they were unsuccessful. The drug remains protected by federal law if it is part of “true religious ceremonies.” The controlled substance in List I is also illegal. Kratom leaves come from a tree native to Southeast Asia. The plant, which is a close relative of coffee, produces a mild narcotic effect. This narcotic effect has caused much controversy. Kratom produces mild euphoria and pain relief by activating the human body`s opioid receptors, similar to the opium poppy.
But there are some differences. First, dried kratom leaves are most often consumed in capsules and teas; not injected or concentrated such as pharmaceuticals or street opioids. Secondly, kratom is a warning alternative to coffee for many. No need to sink into the sofa or rock with this plant. Should psychedelics be considered illegal? Coffee is arguably the most consumed psychoactive substance in the world. Its main active ingredient, caffeine, is a central nervous system stimulant. The compound blocks the activity-calming neurotransmitter called adenosine. Normally, the level of sleepy adenosine increases throughout the day, preparing the body for its natural sleep cycle.
However, caffeine produces the opposite effect in the human body. Instead of calming the nervous system, caffeine speeds things up. But these stimulating effects don`t just keep you awake, caffeine can also improve memory and cognitive function. There is a unique type of lettuce, called Lactuca virosa, which has mild psychoactive effects. The lettuce we know and love as the basis of our salad is a related species called Lactuca sativa. Morning Glory is completely legal to grow, harvest, and possess in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. However, in all these countries, it only becomes illegal if you extract the active LSA. In traditional medicine, 4-5 fresh or dried leaves of Salvia divinorum were used as a tonic (for fatigue) and as a panacea, the only true medicine with magical properties. A hallucinogenic infusion can be obtained with 20-60 fresh leaves.[124] Hallucinations are usually visual, auditory, and tactile and involve seeing two-dimensional surfaces, returning to places in the past (especially childhood), sensations of movement (being pulled or twisted by an unknown force), feelings of loss of body or identity, hysterical and uncontrollable laughter, and distorted perception of reality (sensations of being in several places at the same time) [125]. The use of mescaline is rarely fatal. In humans, the toxic lethal dose administered intramuscularly is 2.5 mg/kg. There are two clinical cases in the literature describing deaths associated with mescaline use.
In the first case, the death was caused by trauma following drug-induced delusion. The patient`s blood and urine concentrations were 9.7 μg/ml and 1163 μg/ml, respectively [114]. In the second case of a 32-year-old man, mescaline poisoning resulted in cuts to the esophagus (Mallory-Weiss syndrome) with blood accumulation and pronounced pulmonary hemosuction, resulting in death). Plasma and urinary mescaline concentrations were 0.48 μg/ml and 61 μg/ml, respectively. Mallory-Weiss syndrome was probably determined by severe mescaline-induced vomiting [115]. Salvia divinorum leaves may contain approximately 0.89 to 3.7 mg/g dry weight of active ingredients sufficient to induce psychoactive effects [123]. Ibogaine is a powerful, dissociative and long-lasting psychedelic alkaloid. In smaller doses, it is valued for its stimulant and aphrodisiac properties [131, 134] The usual route of administration is oral. The onset of symptoms usually occurs within 45 minutes to 3 hours of ingestion and can last 24 hours or more. During the intoxication phase, the subject may be immobilized.[134] In fact, many people have the false impression that if a substance is legal, it must be safe. Drug laws rarely make much sense. There are many illicit drugs that offer obvious health benefits without increasing the risk of addiction or abuse, and legal substances that are known to be highly addictive.
Introduced to Colorado as a medicinal plant, Wormwood Wormood or Artemisia absinthium is now an invasive species in the plains that grows wild on roadsides and on recently disturbed soils, and is still grown in gardens as grass. Used to make wormwood — which was banned in the U.S. until 2007 — wormwood is likely to be mildly psychoactive at best, as the key component, a chemical called thujone, is also found in many common plants: yarrow, juniper, oregano, sage, hyssop, rosemary, and savory, among others. Mosaic plant Mosaic plant Cocoa and chocolate are then produced by combining the bitter seeds with fats (also cocoa pod), sweeteners and dairy products. Most countries still ban magic mushrooms, including the United States and Canada. However, several communities in North America have legalized or decriminalized the use of magic mushrooms, despite federal regulations. Mandrake root is a hallucinogen, but not recommended for consumption. The plant became more famous than ever, perhaps due to its animated debut in Harry Potter, and later received a notable supporting role in Guillermo del Toro`s Pan`s Labyrinth. But Mandrake was a minor celebrity even before the biblical era. With unique human-shaped roots and psychoactive alkaloids, mandrake is a long-revered mystical plant. Eating the cactus produces intense visual and auditory hallucinations and an altered state of consciousness.
The active ingredient mescaline is considered by many psychedelic experts to be one of the most underrated psychoactive substances in the world. In fact, the divinatory hallucinogenic properties of these three climbing vines are due to the psychoactive alkaloids present exclusively in the seeds of the plants. The main psychoactive alkaloids identified in the seeds are ergine (lysergamide, lysergic acid amide, LSA) and isoergine, compounds that can induce psychoactive effects such as those of lysergic acid diethylammide (LSD), but with a lower intensity [27, 28]. People who use peyote and San Pedro remain fully awake and present, but with an altered perception of time and sensory perception. Despite all these developments, there is nothing more complex than understanding each other and why you act or think the way you do. In most parts of the world, magic mushroom spores are legal. People then use these spores to grow magic mushrooms at home — which is only legal when mushrooms are decriminalized.